Wednesday, March 18, 2015
INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUN FOR KIDS
- Sunlight is so strong that it can damage your eyesight and even blind you.
- Never look directly at the sun through a telescope, binoculars, or sunglasses.
Did you know that the sun is really a star?
It looks much larger than the stars we see in the sky at night. Although many of those stars are even larger than the sun, they look smaller because they are even farther away from the earth.
All stars produce huge amounts of energy. Each star is like a powerhouse of energy. In one second, the sun, for example, produces 4 million short tons (3.6 million metric tons) of energy. Without the sun’s energy there would be no life on earth. The earth would be completely dark and freezing cold.

Heat energy travels from the core of the sun to its surface. Energy is released from the sun’s surface as electromagnetic radiation.
WHAT IS THE SUN MADE OF?
The sun is a huge ball of hot substances. The hottest part is in the center, or core. Here, the fierce heat causes atoms of hydrogen to join together in the process called nuclear fusion. During nuclear fusion, huge amounts of energy are released. This energy flows outwards from the core to the surface of the sun.The surface of the sun is like a sea of continually exploding gases and boiling liquids. Much of the sun’s energy is heat and light, and this travels out, or radiates, in all directions. The sun is the source of almost all the energy we use.
A fountain of gas flares up from the surface of the sun, reaching as far as 992,000 miles (1,600,000 kilometers) into space.
Will the sun burn itself out?
If the sun is producing so much heat and light, why doesn’t it burn itself out like a coal fire or a match? The answer is that it will burn itself out, one day. It will swell up into a giant red star and use up the rest of its fuel. But don’t worry—that day is about 5 billion years away!
Human Eye How does the human eye work

Tuesday, March 17, 2015
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart Study Made Easy

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM DIAGRAM :
Anatomy and physiology study is normally broken down into 12 sections, with each section representing one system of the body, for example, the endocrine system. When you begin revising, it is recommended that you take 1 system of the body and learn it on its own. Various body systems are similar in nature so learning them together might cause confusion. Take each area of your anatomy and physiology study and write out concise notes on that area. To give you an example and for the purpose of this article I will give you a brief overview of the heart and its role in blood circulation.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart - Study Made Easy
The heart is a hollow muscular organ, approximately the size of its owners fist. It is positioned in the center of the chest area, between the lungs and is divided into 4 chambers. The upper chambers are called the atria and the lower chambers are called the ventricles. The right and left sides of the heart are divided by a muscular wall called the septum, this prevents deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from mixing together.
If you can imagine the pipe system in your house providing water and heat to you on a daily basis, metaphorically speaking, the house is your heart and the pipes are the blood vessels that are found throughout our bodies. Blood is pumped from the heart around all parts of the body through a complex transport system consisting of arteries, veins and capillaries (blood vessels). The heart beats approximately 100,000 times every day in order to supply our cells with oxygen rich blood and pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood through its chambers on a daily basis.
Blood circulation follows a specific route and can be summed up as follows;
1. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava.
2. The blood is then pushed through the tricuspid valve down into the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve is a small flap that prevents the back flow of blood between the chambers on the right side.
3. Once the right ventricle fills up, the blood is then propelled into the pulmonary artery which then travels to the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs.
4. When the lungs remove the carbon dioxide, the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated and returns back to the heart via four pulmonary veins.
5. The blood enters the left atria via these pulmonary veins and is then pushed down into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve. The bicuspid valve prevents the back flow of blood on the left side.
6. Once the left ventricle fills up it contracts, forcing the blood into the aorta which then branches to become the ascending aorta which supplies the upper body with oxygen rich blood and the descending aorta which supplies the lower body with oxygen rich blood.
7. Blood becomes deoxygenated once again and returns to the superior and inferior vena cava where the process begins again.
As I mentioned above, this just gives you a brief overview of the heart, its function and how it transports blood around the body. When you are carrying out any anatomy and physiology study, always make sure to summarize all areas as above. Using visual tools such as diagrams is a great way to spice up your notes. Even if you cant draw like picasso, it doesnt matter. To illustrate the heart you can draw a square shape or a circle and divide it equally into 4 chambers. It just gives you an idea of the layout of the heart and it has been proven that learning visually can be much more effective than just reading something over and over again.
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Otto The Autobiography of a Teddy Bear

--Maurice Sendak
"He never lost the feeling of how a child sees the world. And a childs view is not really sentimental."
--Burton Pike, professor of comparative literature at CUNY
"The most famous childrens book author you have never heard of."
--Phaidon Press
Who do the above quotes refer to? None other than Tomi Ungerer, one of my all-time favorite authors. I was an Ungerer fan as a child, poring over my tattered copies of The Three Robbers and Emile again and again. As an adult I came across The Beast of Monsieur Racine and fell in love with this exuberant story about a retired tax collector whose life is changed forever when he finds two young friends where he least expected. Read the book. Its one of my top 10 favorite picture books.
Many of Ungerers books are now out of print. (One reason he fell out of favor here was his not-so-secret hobby of erotica.) Luckily, Phaidon Press is in the process of reprinting 26 of his titles. The latest is Otto: The Autobiography of a Teddy Bear. Originally published in German in 1999, the picture book tackles a disturbing subject, World War II. Like all of Ungerers work, the book doesnt shy away from the gory realities of war and what happens to soldiers and to civilians, children included.
Otto, the teddy bear of the title, tells the story of his life, beginning with his creation in a toy workshop in Germany in the 1930s. Not one to shun unpleasant truths, Otto admits that being stitched together "was quite painful." Given as a birthday present to David, a young Jewish boy, Otto spends blissful day playing with the boy and his best friend, Oskar, who is not Jewish. Then things begin to change. David must wear a yellow star on his jacket. Next he and his family are taken away. In a moving illustration, David hands over Otto to Oskar for safekeeping. Interestingly, Oskar is the one who looks upset and is crying, not David.
During wartime, Oskars building is bombed and Otto is sent flying. Again, the illustration of the carnage, with the bodies of dead soldiers, is unsparing. Hes picked up by an American soldier, thereby saving the soldiers life when a bullet hits them both. (Quibble: Could a stuffed teddy bear be enough of a buffer?) The soldier takes Otto home and gives him to his daughter. Loved again, Otto enjoys being pampered until hes snatched from the girls arms by "three nasty boys" and finally ends up in a trash can. An old woman rescues him and bring him to an antique shop, where he stays in the window for many years. One rainy night, an old man spots him. Yes, dear reader, its David, the original owner, who survived the war (although his parents didnt). David takes him home, and the story is written up in the newspaper, which leads to Oskar (another survivor) contacting David, and the three friends are reunited.
Despite the involved plot, the text for Otto is relatively straightforward, although there are a few vocabulary words to chew on, such as "indelible," "charred rubble," and "mascot." Would a Level 3 reader be able to get through the book by herself. Yes. Should she? No. A trusted adults presence is strongly recommended, as a child is bound to have many questions. The illustrations, as with all of Ungerers work, are amazing. Done in soft watercolors, they can be playful (as when David and Oskar dress Otto as a ghost and dangle him in front of a neighbors window), touching (Oskar saying goodbye to his father as he heads off to war), and graphic (the wounded American soldier clutching Otto to his chest to staunch the flow of blood). Even Ottos expression subtly change each time he undergoes another reversal of fortune. I highly recommend this book, and Im looking forward to seeing more of Tomi Ungerers work reissued by Phaidon.
Otto: The Autobiography of a Teddy Bear
by Tomi Ungerer
Phaidon Press, 36 pages
Published: September, 2010
Monday, March 16, 2015
One Year Later Assessing the Impact of iPads on Education
The Promise
- Form factor: Anyone that has used an iPad can attest to its compelling form factor. It just feels right. Light, portable and easy to hold or lay in your lap. As opposed to a laptop where the upright screen acts as a barrier between people in classroom settings, the iPad tends to be used more organically; it’s small, lays flat and is easily shared and passed around.
- Long battery life and instant-on: Continuous, transparent access to information is a key educational goal and these are two core requirements. The long battery life of iPads allows you to charge them overnight and use them throughout the school day without any need to pull out messy power cords or search for sparsely located electrical outlets. Additionally, they power up almost immediately. Teachers have little class time to meet increasing demands and don’t need to be wasting five or more minutes every lesson waiting for students to open laptops, power up and log in or shut down. The iPad simply flips open and it’s on. Importantly, as with other mobile devices, this also enables natural, almost transparent educational use. You’re more likely to just spontaneously turn to it for information in the course of a discussion. Students can carry it around easily and instantly access and integrate information and tools into discussions and educational activities.
- Price: The cost of computer implementations has been a stumbling block for many communities and countries. The advent of cheaper alternatives – netbooks, smartphones and iPads – are closing the digital divide and making computing increasingly accessible to more people.
- Touch interface: When combined with the simplicity of the screen layout, the touch interface is a key element of the iPad’s popularity. Most notably, you will observe how young children instinctively take to it without instruction – the web is replete with examples. From my own experience, I find that younger children adapt to the interface even more naturally than teens.
- Improved digital reading: The crisp quality of the display, especially when combined with the light weight and portability, enables a far superior reading experience than currently exists on desktops and laptops. Along with the iPad’s light weight and portability, this finally opens the door to the possibility of utilizing eBooks in education in place of their far heavier and more expensive paper counterparts.
- Integrating multimedia: We live in a society that increasingly expresses itself in images and video. There is an abundance of apps delivering high quality multimedia content to iPads, allowing for integration of fantastic media experiences into educational activities. This is especially applicable to news events where fresh, sharp video footage and images are easily accessible and can spark valuable class discussion.
- Special education: Increasingly we are hearing how the iPad has been a huge success within special education. The simplicity of the touch interface is making it an extremely popular device for students with special needs.
- Connecting: The educational value of social networking lies in its ability to facilitate the growth of impromptu virtual learning communities - connecting people around the globe to share opinions and experiences. Social networking applications are an integral part of iPad usage – whether connecting users to news events, industry experts or video-conferencing with students and classes in other countries.
Consumption or Production?
Some Considerations
- Sharing: iPads are intensely personal devices that record your digital footprint – logins, preferences and more. There’s no login process. This makes them difficult to share. A 1:1 iPad implementation requires very different planning than an implementation that shares iPads among students. My hope is that educational app developers will see the obvious need for sharing in schools and add login layers to their apps.
- They aren’t laptops: You can’t manage iPads in the same way as laptops. Imaging and synchronization processes, content management, application purchasing – they all raise specific issues that require thorough discussion and planning.
- Keyboard: The touch screen keyboard is not popular with all users. I find that it’s more than sufficient for smaller typing tasks such as emails, notes, blog posts and more …. but I believe we’re approaching the end of qwerty typing in computing. The popularity of tablet computing may end up stimulating development of alternative, more efficient input methods that also utilize voice and video.
- eTextbooks: At this point, the promise of eTextbooks still exceeds the reality. There aren’t enough quality books available in digital format and frankly, most still stem from a model that is built upon their physical, paper counterpart. It’s not enough to simply translate textbooks to digital files - we need new models that utilize the media and interactivity capabilities available on iPads. A digital textbook should be cognizant of what the learner has mastered and where he/she needs assistance. It should customize the content to the reader’s strengths and weaknesses and report the student’s progress to the teacher. Effective use of multimedia – interactive multimedia – will become core elements of new eTextbooks and eCourses. There have been someexcellent first attempts and eTextbooks and eCourses will improve as the market matures.
The Immediate Future
- The app market will mature and we’ll move from single task, short session apps to more sophisticated offerings. The release of GarageBand and iMovie are the first steps in that direction.
- The barrier to entry for creating and distributing eBook content will become lower. Increasingly, teachers and communities will create their own eBook content.
- Social reading is an imminent phenomenon that combines the reading of eBooks with social networking. When reading eBooks users can connect to friends and other readers, asking questions and sharing notes or opinions. Apps such as Inkling are a bold first step in that direction.
- While the iOS browser is adequate it still lags behind desktop offerings. As mobile continues to expand we can expect a consolidation of desktop and mobile systems and browsers resulting in better mobile web editing, more collaboration tools and support for a wider range of web technologies.
Sunday, March 15, 2015
The Thalamus as its Relay function



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the thalamus is a part of diencephalon and has multiple functions. It translates information from all sensory pathways other than Olfaction and selectively distributes those impulses to appropriate parts of the cortex (relay function). The following thalamic nuclei receive input from sensory pathways:
1.Ventral posterolateral (VPL) receives input from the spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature sensation) and medial lemniscus(position and proprioception). It transmits impulses to primary somatosensory cortex (Brodmann areas 3,1 & 2).
2.Ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) receives inputs from the trigeminal and gustatory pathways and transmits them to the primary sensory cortex (Brodmanns areas 3, 1 & 2).
3.Lateral geniculate body is a relay nucleus for the vision pathway. It receives impulses from the optic nerve and transmits them via the optic radiations to the visual cortex (calcarine sulcus)
4.Medial geniculate body is a part of the auditory pathway. It receives impulses from the superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus of the pons, and projects them to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe (Brodmann areas 41 & 42)
The olfactory tract is the only sensory pathway where input is not processed through thalamus.
Tuesday, March 10, 2015
The 12 Greatest NBA Players of All Time
1.) Kareem Abdul Jabbar

- 6 NBA Championships – 1971, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988
- 6 regular season MVP awards – 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980
- NBAs all-time leader in points scored - 38,387
- NBAs all-time leader in defensive rebounds - 17,440
- NBAs all-time leader in minutes played - 57,446
- NBAs all-time leader in field goals made - 15,837
- NBAs all-time leader in field goal attempts - 28,307
- NBA Most All-Star selections -19
- NBA Most All-Star games played - 18
- NBA Rookie of the Year – 1970
- NBA Finals
MVP – 1971 & 1985
- NBA all-time Games played – 1560 (2nd most in NBA history)
- NBAs all-time leader in blocked shots - 3,189 (3rd most in NBA history)
- Named one of the 50 Greatest Players of All Time

- 5 Time NBA Most Valuable Player
- 12 Time All-Star
- 11 NBA Championships
- Holds the record for the most championships won by an athlete in a North American sports league
- First African American player to achieve superstar status in the NBA
- First African American
NBA coach
- Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
- One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History

- Considered as the greatest basketball player of all time
- One of the best defensive players in basketball
- Holds the NBA records for highest career regular season scoring average (30.12 points per game)
- Holds highest career playoff scoring average (33.45 points per game
- Named the greatest North American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN
- Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame
on April 6, 2009 and was inducted on September 11, 2009.
- 5 NBA Most valuable Player Awards
- 6 NBA Championships – 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
- NBA-record of 72 regular season wins in the 1995–96 NBA season
- 10 ALL-NBA First Team designation
- 9 All-Defensive First Team honors
- 14 NBA All-Star Game appearances
- 3 All-Star Game MVP awards – 1988, 1996, 1998
- 6 NBA Finals MVP awards
- 10 Scoring titles
- 2 NBA Slam Dunk Contest Champion 1987, 1988

- He is the only player in NBA history to average more than 40 and 50 points in a season He is the only player in NBA history to score 100 points in a single NBA game
- 4 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 1960, 1966, 1967, 1968
- 7 NBA Scoring Champion
- 9 NBA field goal percentage
- 11 NBA rebounding titles
- 2 NBA Championships
- 4 regular season Most Valuable Player awards
- NBA Rookie of the Year award
- 13 NBA All-Star Games
- 10 All-NBA First and Second teams
- Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
- One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History
- (Have had sex with over 20,000 women)

- 3 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 1979, 1982, 1983
- 1 NBA Championship – 1983
- 13 NBA All-Star
- 4 All-NBA First Team
- 4 All-NBA Second Team
- NBA All-Defensive First Team
- NBA All-Defensive Second Team
- One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History
- Member of American Hall of Fame basketball player

- 3 NBA Championships – 1981, 1984, 1986
- 3 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 1984, 1985, 1986
- 12 NBA All-Star
- 2 NBA Finals MVP
- 9 All-NBA First Team
- NBA Rookie of the Year – 1980
- NBA All-Star Game MVP - 1982
- NBA Coach of the Year
- 1998
- 3 Three-point Shootout Champion – 1986, 1987, 1988One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History
- Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

- 3 NBA MVP Awards
- 5 NBA Championships
- NBA Finals MVP award – rookie year
- All-Star MVP award – 1992
- 12 All-Star Games
- 10 All-NBA First and Second Team
- 4 Regular-season assist leader
- NBA’s all-time leader in assist per game – average 11.2
- NBA’s greatest point guard of all-time by ESPN
- One of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History
- Member of the Basketball Hall of Fame
- He was the first recipient of the NBA’s Most Valuable Player Award
- 4 NBA All-Star MVP award
- 11 NBA All-Star games
- 10 All-NBA First Team ten times
- NBA Rookie of the Year
- Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
- Holds the top two NBA All-Star Game rebounding performances with 26 in 1958 and 27 in 1962
- Second highest All-Star Game points per game average with 20.4
- No other retired player in NBA history other than Pettit and Alex Groza has averaged more than 20 points per game in every season theyve played (note: Michael Jordan averaged exactly 20 points per game in his final season).

- 2 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 1997, 1999
- 2 NBA All-Star Games MVP – 1989, 1993
- 11 All-NBA First Team
- 2 All NBA Second Team
- 3 All-Defensive First Team
- All-Defensive Second Team
- Considered one the greatest power forwards in NBA history
- Scored the second most points (36,928) in NBA history

- 4 NBA Championships
– 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007
- 2 NBA Most Valuable Player awards
- 3 NBA Finals MVP
- NBA Rookie of the Year
- 13 NBA All-Star
- The only player in NBA history to be selected both All-NBA and All-Defensive Teams during each of his first 13 seasons.

- 2 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 2005, 2006
- 7 NBA All-Star
- 3 All-NBA First Team
- 2 All-NBA Second Team
- 2 Skills Challenge Champion
- Named as the 9th greatest point guard of all time by ESPN
- Ranked as one of the top players in NBA league history for 3-point shooting, free-throw shooting, total assists and assists per game
- Named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world

- NBA Rookie of the Year – 2004
- 2 NBA Most Valuable Player awards – 2009, 2010
- 5 All-NBA First Team
- 2 All-NBA Second Team
- 3 All-Defensive First Team
- 2 All-Star Games
MVP – 2006, 2008